What does R configuration mean?

1 Answer
Sep 7, 2015

It is a stereochemical label to indicate the relative spatial orientation of each atom in a molecule with a non-superimposable mirror image.

R indicates that a clockwise circular arrow that goes from higher priority to lower priority crosses over the lowest priority substituent and that lowest-priority substituent is in the back.


The R and S stereoisomers are non-superimposable mirror images, which means if you reflect them on a mirror plane, they do not become the exact same molecule when you overlay them.

When you label a molecule as R or S, you consider the priorities of each substituent on the chiral carbon (connected to four different functional groups).

Let's take this chiral amino acid for example:

http://www.nobelprize.org/

Some general ways you could determine the priorities are:

  1. HIgher atomic number of the directly-attached atom gives higher priority
  2. Atomic number of the atom attached to the one is considered in step 1 if two substituents have the same first atom
  3. Higher number of same-atom branches determines greater priority if the overall substituents are too similar (e.g. isopropyl has higher priority than ethyl)

With (R)-alanine:

  • "NH"_2 has priority 1 due to highest atomic number for "N".
  • "COOH" has priority 2 due to the higher atomic number of "O" vs. "H" in "CH"_3
  • "CH"_3 has priority 3 as a result.
  • "H" has priority 4.

Now, if you draw a circular arrow starting at "NH"_2, going to "COOH", crossing over "H" since it is in the back, and to "CH"_3, then you would have gone clockwise.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/

Since the lowest priority atom is in the back, the clockwise arrow corresponds to the R configuration.

If you had started from the same R configuration but oriented "H" in the front and "CH"_3 in the back, it would have been S configuration. Let's call this S configuration A, where you just nudge two substituents to flip them from front/back to back/front.

If you reflect the same R configuration over a mirror plane, keeping the orientations of "H" in the back and "CH"_3 in the front after the flip, the configuration is also S. Let's call this S configuration B, where you've actually done a reflection.

If you start from S configuration B, and flipped it over a vertical axis (literally rotating 180^o in space), you would get S configuration A.